B. Pharmacy

Cycloalkanes represent one of the most fascinating families of organic compounds — molecules that close in on themselves to form stable or strained rings. Unlike open-chain alkanes, cycloalkanes exhibit unique structural, physical, and chemical properties arising from their cyclic nature. From the highly strained cyclopropane to the remarkably stable cyclohexane, the study of cycloalkanes reveals […]

Polynuclear hydrocarbons stand as one of the most fascinating classes of organic compounds, celebrated for their aromatic stability, structural elegance, and wide-ranging industrial and medicinal significance. These compounds contain two or more fused or linked benzene rings, forming intricate molecular frameworks that serve as the foundation for dyes, drugs, and even fuels. In this unit,

Fats and oils are among the most vital organic compounds in nature, playing central roles in biology, nutrition, and industry. From forming the energy backbone of living organisms to serving as raw materials in soaps, cosmetics, and lubricants, these compounds are deeply embedded in daily life. This unit explores the fascinating chemistry of fats and

In the colorful world of organic chemistry, aromatic compounds hold a place of enduring fascination. Among them, phenols, aromatic amines, and aromatic acids stand as key functional groups that define countless reactions, medicines, dyes, and industrial materials. This unit dives into their chemical behavior, acidity, basicity, and the subtle effects of substituents — the tiny

Few molecules in organic chemistry have fascinated scientists as much as benzene — a simple ring of carbon and hydrogen atoms that defies ordinary expectations. Its discovery and structural revelation marked a turning point in the study of aromatic compounds, paving the way for innovations in medicine, industry, and daily life. From perfumes and dyes

Pollution has become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Every breath we take, every drop of water we drink, and every handful of soil that sustains our crops is now threatened by human activity. From smog-filled cities to rivers choked with plastic, pollution is silently shaping the health of our planet

In today’s rapidly changing world, the term ecosystem has become central to discussions on climate, biodiversity, and sustainability. From lush rainforests to vast deserts and deep oceans, ecosystems form the foundation of life on Earth. They represent a delicate balance where every organism — from the tiniest microbe to the largest mammal — plays an

In the 21st century, the word environment has gained a new level of importance. Climate change, pollution, and resource depletion have become everyday headlines, making it clear that protecting our planet is no longer optional — it’s essential. Environmental Studies, a subject that bridges science, society, and sustainability, helps us understand this delicate balance between