B. Pharmacy Notes

Pharmacy students often focus on chemistry, biology, and pharmacology, but a clear understanding of computer fundamentals is equally important in today’s digital-driven healthcare environment. Unit 1 introduces two core areas: Number Systems and the Concept of Information System and Software, both of which provide the foundation for handling digital data, managing pharmaceutical information, and understanding […]

Infectious diseases remain one of the major challenges to global health. They can affect almost every organ system and are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This unit focuses on central nervous system infections, systemic bacterial diseases, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Infectious Diseases Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms,

The human body constantly strives for balance, but various diseases can disrupt its structure and function. Unit 4 focuses on three important areas of pathology: inflammatory bowel and liver diseases, bone and joint disorders, and the principles of cancer. Understanding these conditions helps in both prevention and treatment, as they affect millions of people worldwide.

Human health is shaped by the proper functioning of many interconnected systems. Disturbances in the blood, hormones, brain, and digestive system can lead to life-threatening or chronic disorders. This unit explores some of the most important diseases affecting these systems, including their causes, mechanisms, and consequences. Haematological Disease A hematological disease is a disorder of

Human health depends on the proper functioning of vital systems such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys. Any disturbance in these organs can lead to serious and chronic conditions that require medical attention. In this unit, we explore some of the most important disorders affecting the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and renal system, focusing on

Cells are the fundamental units of life, and their ability to adapt and respond to stress determines the health of tissues and organs. When cells are exposed to harmful stimuli, they may undergo injury, adaptation, or death depending on the severity and duration of the insult. At the same time, the body has built-in mechanisms

Enzymes are often called the molecular workhorses of life. They are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions inside living organisms, making life processes possible at body temperature and normal physiological conditions. Without enzymes, reactions like digestion, energy production, and DNA replication would occur far too slowly to sustain life. This unit explores the properties, classification,

Nucleic acids are the molecules of life — they store, transmit, and express genetic information. Without DNA and RNA, cells would lack instructions for protein synthesis, inheritance, and regulation of cellular processes. This unit explores the biosynthesis and breakdown of nucleotides, organization of the genome, replication, transcription, and translation, highlighting how these processes ensure life