B. Pharmacy

Organic chemistry is filled with compounds that play a vital role in both laboratory and industrial applications. Among them, alkyl halides and alcohols are two highly important classes. They not only serve as starting materials for many reactions but also find direct use in pharmaceuticals, solvents, and industrial products. In this unit, we will focus […]

Organic chemistry is built on the study of hydrocarbons—compounds made of carbon and hydrogen. Among them, alkanes, alkenes, and conjugated dienes hold special importance because they not only form the foundation of organic structures but also demonstrate fascinating reactivity patterns. Their study helps us understand reaction mechanisms, stability, and applications in pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and polymer

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds, which form the backbone of life as well as countless industrial and pharmaceutical products. To study these compounds systematically, chemists classify them, give them unique names through nomenclature systems, and understand how their structures can differ yet share the same molecular formula (isomerism). This unit introduces three

The continuation of life depends on reproduction, and in higher organisms like humans, it is carried out through a highly specialized reproductive system. Both male and female reproductive systems work in harmony, regulated by sex hormones, to ensure the processes of gamete formation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth. Alongside reproduction, genetics plays a central role in

The endocrine system plays a vital role in regulating and coordinating body functions through chemical messengers called hormones. Unlike the nervous system, which uses electrical impulses for rapid responses, the endocrine system works more slowly but exerts long-lasting effects. It influences growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and homeostasis, making it essential for survival and health. Introduction

The human body constantly exchanges gases and eliminates waste products to maintain life. The respiratory system ensures oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, while the urinary system filters blood and maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. Respiratory System The respiratory system is a biological system that facilitates gas exchange. It’s responsible for taking in oxygen

The digestive system is like the body’s processing factory — it breaks down the food we eat into simple molecules, absorbs them, and supplies nutrients for energy, growth, and repair. Along with this, the body’s energetics system ensures that energy stored in food is converted into usable biochemical energy (ATP). Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal (GI)

The nervous system is one of the most complex and vital systems of the human body. It acts like a command and communication network, controlling our thoughts, emotions, movements, and responses to the environment. By coordinating information between the body and brain, it maintains homeostasis and ensures survival. This unit introduces the organization of the